Studia Iuridica

Libertariańska krytyka locke’owskiego proviso

2016, 66, No. 1

Cezary Błaszczyk

0000-0003-4095-600X

University of Warsaw

Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Instytut Nauk Prawno-Administracyjnych

Publication date

24.01.2017

Publishing model

open access

License type

CC BY 4.0 Int.

Field

Social sciences

Language of publication

Polish

Downloads

PDF 467 KB

Article

Number of views:172

Number of downloads:66

Crossref citations:0

Altmetric score:0

Abstract

John Locke’s theory of property is one of the most influential. It has had (at least an indirect) impact on many political and legal doctrines: from liberalism and libertarianism to communitarianism and socialism. So-called „moderate” libertarians, such as Robert Nozick, accepted Locke’s view on private property and its origins with only a slight modification. They claimed that Lockean proviso is valid only if it is softened. Moderate libertarian proviso reads that those who appropriate shall leave as good as enough goods for the others (not as many as good as John Locke suggested). Radical libertarians (such as Murray Newton Rothbard or Hans Herman Hoppe) on the other hand completely rejected the proviso. They also adopted Lockean theory of property and believed that private property derives from self-ownership; however, since absolute property- and self-ownership are perceived by them as the only possible and moral solutions and since goods in the state of nature are owned by nobody, no one has a rightful claim to any appropriated goods. Therefore propertarian libertarian diverse reception of Lockean theory of property might serve as a criterion for the classification of streams of libertarian thought.

Bibliography

Bartyzel J., W gąszczu liberalizmów, Lublin 2012

Block W. E., Libertarianism is Unique and Belongs Neither to the Right nor the Left: a Critique of the Views of Long, Holcombe, and Baden on the Left, Hoppe, Feser and Paul on the Right, „Journal of Libertarian Studies” 2010, t. XXII

Block W. E., Libertarianism, Positive Obligations and Property Abandonment: Children’s Rights, „International Journal of Social Economics” 2004, nr 3

Block W. E., Van Dun on Freedom and Property: A Critique, „Libertarian Papers” 2010

Boaz D., Libertarianizm, Poznań 2005

Cohen G. A., Self-ownership, Freedom, and Equality, Cambridge 2001

Doherty B., Radicals for Capitalism. A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement, New York 2007

Drury S. B., Locke and Nozick on Property, „Political Studies” 1982, t. 30, nr 1

Dun F. van, Freedom and Property: Where they Conflict, https://mises.org/library/fre-edom-and-property-where-they-conflict (5.08.2015)

Dunn J., The Political Thought of John Locke. An Historical Account of the Argument of the ‘Two Treatises of Government’, Cambridge 1969

Exdell J., Disribituive Justice: Nozick on Property Rights, „Ethics” 1977, nr 2

Feser A., There is no Such Thing as Unjust Initial Acquisition, „Social Philosophy and Policy” 1999, t. 22, nr 1

Francis L., Francis J., Nozick’s Theory of Rights: A Critical Assesment, „The Western Political Quarterly” 1976, nr 4

Gaba J., John Locke and the Meaning of the Taking Clause, „Missouri Law Review” 2007, t. 72, nr 525

Gauthier D. P., Morals by Agreement, Oxford 2006

Grunebaum J. O., Private Ownership, „Ethics” 1998, nr 4

Hoppe H. H., Ekonomia i etyka własności prywatnej. Studia z zakresu ekonomii politycznej i filozofii, Warszawa 2011

Hoppe H. H., Teoria Socjalizmu i Kapitalizmu, Wrocław 2015

Hull G., Clearing the Rubbish: Locke, the Waste Proviso, and the Moral Justification of Intellectual Property, „Public Affairs Quarterly” 2009, t. 23, nr 1

Jasay A. de, Klauzula Locke’a skaziła własność poczuciem winy, http://mises.pl/blog/2014/01/16/jasay-klauzula-lockea-skazila-wlasnosc-poczuciem-winy (5.08.2015)

Juruś D., W poszukiwaniu podstaw libertarianizmu, Kraków 2012

Kagan S., The Argument from Liberty, [w:] In Harm’s Way. Essays in Honor of Joel Feinberg, red. J. Feinber, J. L. Coleman, A. E. Buchanan Cambridge 1994

Kinsella S., The Blockean Proviso, https://mises.org/blog/blockean-proviso (5.08.2015)

Kinsella S., The Superiority of the Roman Law, https://mises.org/blog/superiority-roman-law-scarcity-property-locke-and-libertarianism (5.08.2015)

Kirzner I. M., Discovery, Capitalism, and Distributive Justice, Oxford 1989

Kirzner I. M., Entrepreneurship, Entitlement, and Economic Justice, [w:] Reading Nozick: Essays on Anarchy, State and Utopia, red. J. Paul, Oxford 1981

Kramer M. H., John Locke and the Origins of Private Property, Cambridge 2004

Laslett P., Introduction, [w:] J. Locke, P. Laslett [red.], Two treatises of Government, Cambridge 1996

Lemos M. R., Locke’s Theory of Property, [w:] John Locke. Critical Assessments, red. R. Ashcraft, New York 1991

Locke J., Dwa traktaty o rządzie, tłum. Z. Rau, Warszawa 1992

Locke J., Essays on the Law of Nature, [w:] Locke: Political Essays, red. J. Locke, M. Goldie, Cambridge 1997

Lomasky L. E., Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community, New York 1990

Mack E., Locke on Property, http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/eric-mack-on-john-locke-on-property-january-2013#leadessay (5.08.2015)

Mack E., Self-Ownership and the Right of Property, „The Monist” 1990, nr 4

Mack E., Self-ownership, Marxism, and Egalitarianism, Part I: Challenges to historical entitlement, cz. 1, „Politics, Philosophy and Economics” 2002, nr 1

Mack E., Self-ownership, Marxism, and Egalitarianism. Part II: Challenges to the self-ownership thesis, cz. 2, „Politics, Philosophy and Economics” 2002, nr 2

Mack E., The Self-Ownership Proviso: A New and Improved Lockean Proviso, „Social Philosophy and Policy” 1995, nr 1

Macpherson C. B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism. Hobbes to Locke, Oxford 2011

Miklaszewska J., Libertariańska teoria państwa, [w:] Liberalizm u schyłku XX wieku, red. J. Miklaszewska, Kraków 1999

Modrzejewska M., Libertariańskie koncepcje jednostki i państwa we współczesnej amerykańskiej myśli politycznej, Kraków 2010

Narveson J., Narveson’s Response to Mack, http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/eric-mack¬-on-john-locke-on-property-january-2013 (5.08.2015)

Narveson J., Property Rights. Original Acquisition, [w:] Respecting Persons in Theory in Practice. Essays on Moral and Political Philosophy, red. J. Narveson, Lanham 2002

Narveson J., Property Rights: Original Acquisition and Lockean Provisos, „Public Affairs Quarterly” 1999, t. 13, nr 3

Narveson J., The Libertarian Idea, Peterborough 2008

Narveson J., Sterba J. P., Are Liberty and Equality Compatible?, Cambridge 2010

Nozick R., Anarchia, państwo i utopia, Warszawa 2010

Ogonowski Z., Locke, Warszawa 1972

Olivecrona K., Appropriation in the State of Nature: Locke on the Origin of Property, „Journal of the History of Ideas” 1974, nr 2

Olivecrona K., Locke’s Theory of Appropriation, [w:] John Locke. Critical Assessments, red. R. Ashcraft, New York 1991

Otsuka M., Self-Ownership and Equality: A Lockean Reconcilitation, „Philosophy and Public Affairs” 1998, nr 1

Pomiędzy Misesem a Keynesem – wywiad z Israelem M. Kirznerem, http://mises.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Kirzner_Pomi%C4%99dzy-Misesem-a-Keynesem-%E2%80%93-wywiad-z-Israelem-M.-Kirznerem1.pdf (5.08.2015)

Rapaczyński A., Locke’s Conception of Property and the Principle of Sufficient Reason, „Journal of the History of Ideas” 1981, t. 42, nr 2

Rau Z., Własność w doktrynie politycznej Johna Locke’a, „Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne” 2004, t. 55, z. 1

Rau Z., Wstęp, [w:] J. Locke, Dwa traktaty o rządzie, tłum. Z. Rau, Warszawa 1992

Rogers T., Self-Ownership, World-Ownership, and Initial Acquisition, „Libertarian Papers” 2010, nr 36

Rothbard M. N., Ekonomia Wolnego Rynku, t. 1–3, Warszawa 2007

Rothbard M. N., Etyka wolności, Warszawa 2010

Rothbard M. N., Manifest libertariański, Warszawa 2014

Sanders J. T., Justice and the Initial Acquisition of Property, „Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy” 1987, nr 10

Sanders J. T., Projects and Property, [w:] Robert Nozick, red. D. Schmidtz, Cambridge 2002

Simmons A. J., The Lockean Theory of Rights, Princeton 1992

Snyder D. C., Locke on Natural Law and Property Rights, [w:] John Locke. Critical Assessments, red. R. Ashcraft, New York 1991

Soto J. H. de, The Ethics of Capitalism, „Journal of Markets and Morality” 1999, nr 2

Spooner L., The Law of the Intellectual Property, t. 1, cz. 1: The Law of Intellectual Property, rozdz. I: The Law of Nature in Regard to Intellectual Property, art. VI: How is the Right of Property acquired, Boston 1855 oraz http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2243 (5.08.2015)

Sreenivasan G., The Limits of Lockean Rights in Property, New York 1995

Steiner H., Essay on Rights, Oxford 1994

Thomson J. J., Property Acquisition, „Journal of Philosophy” 1976, nr 73

Tully J., A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries, Cambridge 1980

Vallentyne P., Equal Negative Liberty and Welfare Rights, „International Journal of Applied Philosophy” 2011, nr 2

Varden H., The Lockean ‘Enough-and-as-Good’ Proviso: an Internal Critique, „Journal of Moral Philosophy” 2012, nr 9

Waldron J., Enough and as Good Left for Others, „Philoosphical Quarterly” 1979, nr 29

Waldron J., The Right to Private Property, Oxford 2002

Wenar L., Original Acquisition of Private Property, „Mind” 1998, nr 107

Widerquist K., Lockean Theories of Property: Justification for Unilateral Appropriation, „Public Reason” 2010, nr 2

Wündisch J., Nozick’s Proviso: Misunderstood and Misappropriated, „Rationality, Markets and Morals” 2013, t. 4